microcontroller into a (more or less) smooth DC voltage. In principle, a typical microcontroller can supply an average voltage range of 0 to 5 V via its PWM pins. But we need to convert the ...

Let’s face it: analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) operate differently. Their analog inputs are voltage-input-sensitive devices that leave radio-frequency (RF) engineers scratching their heads about ...

Today's analog system designers face many design challenges. Not only do designers need to select the proper integrated-circuit components, but they also must accurately predict the interactions of ...

Designers of digital systems are familiar with implementing the 'leftovers' of their digital design by using FPGAs and CPLDs to glue together various processors, memories, and standard function ...